Recurrent hematuria involving urinary system with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare congenital venous malformation, it had been found to be caused by mutations of the phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-diphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) gene. Currently KTS is defined as a triad of skin wine pigmented spots, varicose veins and malformations of the lower extremities, and hypertrophy of bone and soft tissue, involving urinary system up to 6% to 30%. When the urinary system is involved, KTS is often presented as painless massive gross hematuria. PATIENT CONCERNS: This article describes a woman who was hospitalized with painless massive gross hematuria. Physical examination revealed significant hypertrophy of the right lower limb with varicose veins, port-wine stains in the skin, and right perineal hemangiomatous changes with swelling. The patient was admitted to hospital 4 times for repeated hematuria and infection. DIAGNOSES: By physical examination, CT urography, ureteroscopy and cystoscopy, the patient was diagnosed to have Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, involving the urinary system. INTERVENTIONS: The patient hematuria improved after multiple indwelling D-J tubes and anti-inflammatory treatment. OUTCOMES: The final symptoms of hematuria improved significantly, follow-up so far has not recurred. LESSONS: This case presents the possibility of painless gross hematuria with KTS. Most of patients can be improved by conservative treatment. Cystoscopic laser therapy is the preferred treatment for poor bleeding control. Cystectomy and nephrectomy should be considered when life-threatening.

Multiple Lymphaticovenular Anastomoses for Chyluria in Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome.

ABSTRACT: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is characterized by port-wine stains, mixed vascular malformations, and soft tissue and bone hypertrophy. Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is occasionally complicated by chyluria, for which there is no effective treatment currently. We report a case of KTS complicated by intractable chyluria and hematuria due to a lymphatic-ureteral fistula. The patient was successfully treated with multiple lymphaticovenular anastomoses (LVAs).A 66-year-old woman with an enlarged left lower extremity since childhood was diagnosed with KTS. At 60 years of age, she developed chyluria (urine albumin, 2224 µg/mL) and hematuria. Lymphoscintigraphy showed a lymphatic-ureteral fistula near the ureterovesical junction. Conservative treatment was ineffective. She also developed left lower extremity lymphedema, which gradually worsened. Leg cellulitis and purulent pericarditis developed because of hypoalbuminemia (minimum serum albumin level, 1.3 g/dL).We performed 14 LVAs in 2 surgeries to reduce lymphatic fluid flow through the lymphatic-ureteral fistula. The chyluria and hematuria resolved soon after the second operation, and the urine albumin level decreased (3 µg/mL). After 28 months, she had no chyluria or hematuria recurrence and her serum albumin level improved (3.9 g/dL). Multiple LVAs can definitively treat chyluria caused by a lymphatic-ureteral fistula in patients with KTS.

The Prospective Natural History Study of Patients with Intractable Venous Malformation and Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome to Guide Designing a Proof-of-Concept Clinical Trial for Novel Therapeutic Intervention.

Background: The natural history of venous malformation (VM) and Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome (KTS) has not been quantitatively studied. To obtain benchmarks to guide designing clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy of novel drug candidates, the clinical course of the patients was followed for 6 months. Methods and Results: This is a multicenter prospective observational study evaluating the change rate in lesion volume from baseline with magnetic resonance images, as the primary endpoint. In addition, disease severities, performance status (PS), pain visual analog scale (VAS) score, quality of life (QoL), infections, and coagulation markers were also evaluated. Thirty-four patients (VM = 17, KTS = 17, 1-53 of age; median 15.9 years) with measurable lesion volume were analyzed. There was no statistically significant difference in the lesion volume between baseline and day 180, and the mean change rate (standard deviation) was 1.06 (0.28). There were no baseline characteristics that affected the change in lesion volume over 6 months. However, there were patients who showed more than 20% volume change and it was suggested that the lesion volume was largely impacted by local infection. There were no statistically significant changes in pain VAS score, severity, PS, QoL score, D-dimer, and platelet count over 6 months within all patients analyzed. Conclusion: The results showed the representative natural course of VM and KTS for a 6-month period with objective change of lesion volume and other factors, suggesting that it is scientifically reasonable to conduct a Phase 2 proof-of-concept study without a placebo arm, using the results of this study as the control. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04285723, NCT04589650.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and pregnancy: A Case-Report.

Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome is a benign disease with a low incidence rate. Pregnant women with KTS may be at increased risk of thrombosis and coagulopathy due to normal hemodynamic changes during pregnancy. The choice of delivery route for KTS pregnant woman needs rigorous evaluation. This study reported a case of successful delivery by oxytocin combined with balloon catheter induction for the first time, providing more options for KTS pregnant woman. At the same time, this study reported a successful case of labor induced by oxytocin combined with balloon catheter for the first time, which further explored the obstetric management of pregnant women with KTS and provided them with more delivery options.

Parkes Weber syndrome: a rare cause of foot drop.

This case report describes a patient in her late 60s, previously diagnosed with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome who presented with difficulty walking. A year prior to her presentation she had a fall which made her notice a painless foot drop on the right. Her right leg was profoundly hypertrophied compared with the left, and a port-wine stain was present on the lateral side, extending from the hip to the mid-shin. The patient's differential diagnosis based on clinical examination and investigations is discussed leading to a final diagnosis of sciatic neuropathy secondary to an arteriovenous malformation due to Parkes Weber syndrome.

A rare case of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome presenting with chronic myeloid leukemia.

BACKGROUND: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is an overgrowth syndrome associated with capillary/venous/ lymphatic malformations with limb hypertrophy and cancer risk. Various cancers, mostly Wilms tumor, have been reported in patients with KTS, but not leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is also a rare disease in children, where there is no known disease or syndrome to predispose to CML. CASE: We report a case of CML incidentally diagnosed in a child with KTS when he was bleeding from surgery of the left groin for vascular malformation. CONCLUSIONS: This case reflects the variety of cancer types that may accompany KTS and provides information about CML prognosis in such patients.

Response to sirolimus in capillary lymphatic venous malformations and associated syndromes: Impact on symptomatology, quality of life, and radiographic response.

BACKGROUND: Capillary lymphatic venous malformations (CLVM) and associated syndromes, including Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) and congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformation, epidermal nevi, skeletal, and spinal syndrome (CLOVES), are underrecognized disorders associated with high morbidity from chronic pain, recurrent infections, bleeding, and clotting complications. The rarity of these disorders and heterogeneity of clinical presentations make large-scale randomized clinical drug trials challenging. Identification of PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [gene]) mutations in CLVM has made targeted medications, such as sirolimus, attractive treatment options. The aim of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of sirolimus therapy in CLVM. PROCEDURE: A combined prospective and retrospective cohort of pediatric and young adult patients with CLVM treated with sirolimus was evaluated for disease response, including symptom improvement, quality of life (QOL), and radiologic response. Sirolimus dosing regimens and toxicities were also assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients with CLVM, including KTS and CLOVES, were included. Ninety-three percent of patients reported improved QOL, and 86% had improvement in at least one symptom. Most significantly, improvement was noted in 100% of patients with bleeding and 89% with thrombotic complications with corresponding decreases in mean D-dimer (p = .008) and increases in mean fibrinogen (p = .016). No patients had progressive disease on sirolimus. Most common side effects included neutropenia, lymphopenia, infection, and aphthous ulcers/stomatitis. No toxicities were life-threatening, and none required long-term discontinuation of sirolimus. CONCLUSION: Sirolimus appears to be effective at reducing complications and improving QOL in patients with CLVM and associated syndromes. In this patient cohort, sirolimus was well tolerated and resulted in few treatment-related toxicities.

CHOROIDAL MELANOMA IN PHAKOMATOSIS PIGMENTOVASCULARIS WITH OVERLAPPING STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME AND KLIPPEL-TRENAUNAY SYNDROME.

PURPOSE: To present the rare occurrence of choroidal melanoma in an adult patient with phakomatosis pigmentovascularis and an overlap of Sturge-Weber syndrome and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. METHODS: Observational case report. RESULTS: A 75-year-old White woman with nevus flammeus involving the left forehead, periorbital area, cheek, chin, upper limb, and trunk, along with hemihypertrophy of the left side of the face and left upper limb, presented for evaluation of an intraocular mass in the left eye. Anterior examination of the left eye showed diffuse episcleral and iris melanocytosis. Fundus examination of the left eye showed diffuse choroidal melanocytosis and an elevated choroidal lesion. B-scan ultrasonography demonstrated a hollow lesion, and the patient was diagnosed with choroidal melanoma in the left eye in the setting of phakomatosis pigmentovascularis with overlap of Sturge-Weber syndrome and Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy confirmed the diagnosis, and Iodine 125 plaque radiotherapy was performed. CONCLUSION: Individuals with clinical features suggestive of phakomatosis pigmentovascularis, Sturge-Weber syndrome, or Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome should undergo a complete ophthalmological evaluation for the presence of ocular melanocytosis and uveal melanoma.

A case of chyluria with nephrotic-range proteinuria caused by lymphatic malformation, leading to a diagnosis of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a rare syndrome, which is clinically diagnosed by the presence of unilateral limb hypertrophy with vascular malformation including cutaneous capillaries, veins and lymphatic vessels. Most cases typically exhibit cutaneous manifestations such as port-wine stains and limb hypertrophy from infancy, but cases with mild manifestations may remain undiagnosed. We here report a case of KTS who was diagnosed by chance chyluria. A 15-year-old girl who exhibited hematochyluria with nephrotic-range proteinuria was referred to our hospital. She had been diagnosed as idiopathic scoliosis accompanied by left lower limb hypertrophy in the past. She noticed her milky urine for the first time two months before. Immediately thereafter, she noticed edema of her left leg. Hematochyluria with nephrotic-range proteinuria was found by our initial urine examination. Magnetic resonance imaging suggested venous or lymphatic malformation along the left common iliac vein at the retroperitoneal side. Lymphoscintigraphy showed congestion of radioisotope around backside of the pancreas to the left renal hilus, suggesting an existence of lymphostasis. Based on the findings, we diagnosed the patient as KTS. After admission, hematochyluria and proteinuria were decreased and became insignificant by three days with bed rest. Her left leg edema was reduced. After taking a guidance to avoid intensive exercise, she was discharged in two weeks. Because the present case exhibited mild manifestations, diagnosis was made by urine abnormalities for the first time. The case suggests that we should be aware of the presence of undiagnosed patients of KTS due to relatively mild manifestations.

Capillary Malformations.

Capillary malformations (CMs) are the most common vascular anomalies, composed of enlarged capillaries and venules with thickened perivascular cell coverage in skin and mucous membranes. These congenital anomalies represent an error in vascular development during embryogenesis. Most of the CMs occur without any syndromic findings; the association between CMs systemic anomalies in some patients, however, makes the recognition of additional syndrome features critical. Some genetic disorders discussed, which feature CMs, include Sturge-Weber syndrome, diffuse CMs with overgrowth, Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, CLOVES syndrome, among others. This article can aid clinicians in better identifying CMs and associated syndromes and provide consistent terminology to facilitate interdisciplinary management.

Options in the treatment of superficial and deep venous disease in patients with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) is a congenital mixed mesenchymal malformation syndrome that includes varicose veins, capillary and venous malformations, lymphatic abnormalities, and hypertrophy of various connective tissue elements. The purpose of the present study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes in a subset of patients with KTS in whom venous interventions, including iliofemoral venous stenting, were performed after failure of conservative therapy. METHODS: A single-center retrospective data review of 34 patients with KTS who had undergone interventions for venous disease between January 2000 and December 2020 was performed. RESULTS: Their mean age was 38.4 ± 17.5 years (range, 12-80 years). No gender predilection was found. Of the 34 patients, 61% had had all three features of the classic triad for KTS. Varicose veins were present in all 34 patients (100%), and 30% had had a history of bleeding varicosities. Most patients (79%) had CEAP (Clinical, Etiology, Anatomy, and Pathophysiology) class ≥C4. Of the 34 patients, 30% had a history of deep vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. Factor VIII elevation was the most common thrombophilia condition (12%). The venous filling index was elevated at baseline (5.9 ± 5.1 mL/s) and did not normalize despite intervention (3.5 ± 2.3 mL/s; P = .04). The superficial venous interventions (n = 35) included endovenous laser therapy; stripping of the great saphenous vein, small saphenous vein, anterior thigh vein, or marginal vein; ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy; and stab avulsion of varicose veins. One coil embolization of a perforator vein was performed. Deep interventions (n = 19) included endovenous stenting (n = 15), popliteal vein release (n = 3), and valvuloplasty (n = 1). The venous clinical severity score had improved from 9.4 ± 4.5 to 6.2 ± 5.6 (P = .04). The visual analog scale for pain score had improved from 5.5 ± 2.7 to 2.5 ± 3.3 (P = .008). Healing of ulceration was noted in 75% of the patients. Significant improvements in the total pain (P = .04) and total psychological (P = .03) domains were noted in the 20-item chronic venous disease quality of life questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Superficial and deep venous interventions are safe and effective in patients with KTS when conservative therapy has failed. Iliofemoral venous stenting is a newer option that should be considered in the treatment of chronic deep venous obstructive disease in patients with KTS in the appropriate clinical context. An aggressive perioperative deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis protocol should be in place to reduce thromboembolic complications in these patients.

The Klippel-Trénaunay Syndrome in 2022: Unravelling Its Genetic and Molecular Profile and Its Link to the Limb Overgrowth Syndromes.

The Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome is an unusual syndrome of vascular and dermatologic manifestation in which patients demonstrate hemihypertrophy of the soft tissue and bones of one limb, cutaneous haemangiomas and varicosities in anatomically abnormal positions. Described in 1900 by two French physicians, the etiology remained unclear until recently, when evidence emerged that there was a genetic basis for this sporadic disorder. Genes that encoded pathological angiogenic factors and caused vascular dysmorphogenesis, explaining the molecular bases of this syndrome, were identified. Several angiogenic genes were identified but one gene, the AGGF1 (formerly VG5Q) gene, was seen in mutations involving patients diagnosed with Klippel-Trénaunay syndrome. Furthermore, this syndrome was also noted to have overlapping clinical features linked with the "overgrowth syndromes," in which genetic mutations along somatic lines were identified. These involved The PI3K enzyme which forms part of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway which is encoded by the PIK3CA-gene. This enzyme mediates embryonic cellular growth in-utero and diseases involved in this pathway are classified as members of the PIK3CA-related overgrowth syndrome. This paper reviews the status of what is now known about the molecular genetics of this unusual, but clinically challenging disorder and its differentiation from similar diseases, linked with the PIK3CA-gene and the related overgrowth syndromes.